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            <text>Officier dans l'armée russe, il participe à l'insurrection polonaise de 1863 contre le régime tsariste. Condamné à la déportation, il s'évade et gagne Paris, dont il organise la défense contre les Versaillais pendant la Commune de Paris en 1871. Doté du grade de général, il meurt sur les barricades lors de l'assaut des Versaillais.</text>
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              <text>avant 1871 </text>
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